There are 3 key characteristics of fluent oral reading: accuracy, rate, and expression. Hasbrouck and Glaser (2019) define fluency as “reasonably accurate reading, at an appropriate rate, with suitable expression, that leads to accurate and deep comprehension and motivation to read.”

Learn all about syllable types, the arguments for and against teaching them, and three more flexible syllable division strategies to try instead.

Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate the parts of spoken words and sentences. It is a foundational skill for both reading and writing, and is a predictor of early reading success.

When working on literacy skills, we need to look to the Science of Reading (SOR). This is the collection of research from multiple disciplines (e.g., psychology, neuroscience, education) that provides scientific evidence for how children learn to read and write, and how to best support literacy development for all readers.